Fundamentals of English Grammar #1

That's a great textbook table of contents! It covers the fundamental tenses in English.

Here is a summary of the highlighted sections, with example sentences and key learning tips.

PRESENT TIME

ItemTopicExample Sentence(s)Learning Summary
1-1The simple present and the present progressiveSimple Present: The sun rises in the east. (Fact/Habit) / Present Progressive: She is studying for her exam right now. (Action in progress)Simple Present is for facts, habits, and routines. Present Progressive is for actions happening at the moment of speaking or temporary situations.
1-3Frequency adverbsI always drink coffee in the morning. / He is never late for class.These adverbs (always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never) describe how often an action occurs. Their position is key: before the main verb, but after the verb to be or auxiliary verbs.
1-4, 1-5Final -s / Spelling of final -s/-esHe reads a book. / She watches TV.The final -s (or -es) is added to the main verb only in the Simple Present tense when the subject is he, she, or it (third-person singular). Pay attention to spelling rules (e.g., adding -es after s, sh, ch, x, z).
1-6Non-action verbsI know the answer. (NOT: I am knowing the answer.)Non-action (stative) verbs (know, believe, love, need, own, etc.) express states or feelings, not actions, and are almost never used in progressive (continuous) tenses.

PAST TIME

ItemTopicExample Sentence(s)Learning Summary
2-1, 2-2Expressing past time: the simple past / Forms of the simple past: regular verbsI walked to work yesterday. / They finished the project last week.The Simple Past is for completed actions at a specific time in the past. Regular verbs form the past by adding -ed.
2-6, 2-7The principal parts of a verb / Irregular verbs: a reference listPrincipal Parts: go - went - gone / Simple Past Example: She went to the store an hour ago.You must memorize the Simple Past form of irregular verbs (e.g., go/went, see/saw, eat/ate), as they do not follow the simple -ed rule.
2-8, 2-9The simple past and the past progressive / Forms of the past progressivePast Progressive: I was studying when the phone rang. / Simple Past: The phone rang.The Past Progressive (was/were + -ing) is for an ongoing action in the past. It is often used to set the scene or to show an ongoing action that was interrupted by a shorter Simple Past action.
2-11Expressing past habit: used toI used to play soccer every weekend, but now I don't.Used to + base form of the verb expresses a habit or a situation that existed regularly in the past but does not exist now.

FUTURE TIME

ItemTopicExample Sentence(s)Learning Summary
3-1Expressing future time: be going to and willBe going to: I am going to visit my aunt next month. (Pre-planned) / Will: It's cold. I think I will close the window. (Spontaneous decision/Prediction)Use be going to for plans, intentions, or predictions based on present evidence. Use will for spontaneous decisions, promises, offers, or general predictions (often with I think).
3-5Be going to vs. willLook at those dark clouds. It's going to rain. (Evidence) / Don't worry, I will help you with your homework. (Promise)This distinction is crucial. Going to is for plans and evidence; will is for sudden decisions, promises, and opinions about the future.
3-7, 3-8Using the present progressive and the simple present to express future timePresent Progressive: I am meeting a client tomorrow afternoon. (Fixed arrangement) / Simple Present: The bus leaves at 3:00 PM. (Fixed schedule/timetable)These present tenses can also talk about the future: Present Progressive for personal, confirmed arrangements, and Simple Present for schedules (like trains, movies, or school terms).

This summary should provide a clear starting point for studying these core English grammar topics! Which section looks the most interesting to you?

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